The majority of the research will be guided by a body of technical experts and consultants who are nationally recognized in their area of expertise. The FSRC has identified and confirmed research associations with the following individuals and will continue to develop a sterling roster of technical experts and will form collaborative relationships with other scholars and research institutions.

Exercise Physiology
Kent Kalm, Ph.D.
Kent Kalm, Ed.D., ATC is the Acting Chairperson of the Department of Human Performance at Minnesota State University, Mankato.  Professor Kalm’s goals have been to prepare physical activity and sport professionals in teaching, management and sports  medicine.  His course work includes Physiology of Exercise, Applied Physiology of Exercise, and Structural Kinesiology/Biomechanics.

Professor Kalm received his Bachelor of Science in Health Science from Mankato State College, his Master of Science in Physical Education from St. Cloud State University, and his Doctor of Education in Physical Education (Exercise Physiology/Sport Psychology) from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City in 1982.
Firearms Experts
Jeff Bumgarner
Jeff Bumgarner is an Assistant Professor of Political Science and Law Enforcement and is Director of the Law Enforcement Program at Minnesota State University, Mankato.  He holds a B.A. in Political Science from the University of Illinois, an MPA in Public Administration from Northern Illinois University, and a Ph.D. in Training and Organization Development from the University of Minnesota.  Dr. Bumgarner has 14 years of experience in law enforcement as a police officer, deputy sheriff, and federal agent.  He maintains a valid full-time Minnesota peace officer license and continues to work in local law enforcement part-time.  His research interests include: terrorism and homeland security issues, criminal justice public policy, federal law enforcement, and organization development within criminal justice contexts.  He has written several articles on police training and professionalism.  Additionally, he recently published a book entitled Profiling and the Criminal Justice System in America. 
Dave Karwoski
Dave Karwoski is a PhD candidate at the University of Minnesota.  He earned a Masters of Management and Administration in Law Enforcement.  He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Law Enforcement.  He worked for over twenty-seven years in Law Enforcement.  Over his career he worked as a patrol officer, sergeant shift/commander, sergeant in charge of a 911 communications center, worked cold case homicide unit and retired from Investigations were he ran a fraud unit.  Karwoski was the Range Master for over 10 years and attended training at several different firearms schools around the United States some of which, Bill Rogers School in Ellijay Georgia, Sig Arms Advanced Instructor School, Two different Law Enforcement Training Camps, NRA Police Firearms Instructor School, Glock Refresher School along with other training.  Karwoski also started the Underwater Recovery Team and was the Dive Master for 10 years.  He presently words as an assistant professor at Minnesota State University, Mankato teaching law enforcement.
Sgt. Craig Stapp
Craig Stapp began his career as a police officer in 1980 with the Tempe Police Department, Tempe Az. He has been in various assignments including patrol, the selective enforcement unit, traffic enforcement and accident investigations as a motorcycle officer, as well as criminal investigations.

He was promoted to sergeant in 1990 and has been a supervisor in patrol, criminal investigations, traffic enforcement / investigations and firearms training.

Sergeant Stapp is an Arizona POST, subject matter expert firearms committee member, and has obtained instructor certificates in the following fields:

High Risk Vehicle Stops, AZ POST handgun instructor, AZ POST General Instructor, Semi Automatic pistol instructor, confrontational simulations, tactical handgun, shotgun instructor, and rifle instructor.

He has received firearms training in rifle, shotgun and handgun disciplines, from Gunsite, AZ POST, Yavapai Firearms Academy-Louis Awerbuck, The NRA, The Practical Shooting academy-Ron Avery, and the Leatham Institute-Rob Leatham, and others. He has also completed armorers training on Colt, rifle and handgun systems, Smith and Wesson, Glock, Ruger as well as HK handgun and rifle systems.

Craig participates in IPSC, IDPA and other types of firearms competition events. He has been a registered IPSC competitor since 1993, he attained the grand master ranking in 2001.

He has studied and participated in research, in the field of human factors, psychology and human movement as it applies to adult learning, deadly force encounters, and critical incidents. Craig also serves in an advisory capacity to the police departments citizens review board.

Craig Stapp has been assigned as the departments firearms training sergeant since 1995.  As the firearms training sergeant, he develops, coordinates, plans, and assists with presentation of firearms training for officers at all levels of the organization; recruit (academy), in-service, proficiency, remedial, and SWAT.  He also does use of force demonstrations and presentations regarding use of force issues to various, civic, business and community groups.
George Rogers

George had served 30 years with the Baltimore County Police Department, his most recent assignment as a Detective Lieutenant and Commander of the Dignitary/Witness Protection Team. During his career, he had served in patrol, investigative services, and 10 years as an operator/Team Leader with S.W.A.T.. He has been active in program development and instructing in the fields of: firearms, tactics, critical incident response, police shooting investigation, and command-level crisis management.

He now serves as an instructor with the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, training Law Enforcement and Military personnel and is developing perceptual and cognitive enhancement use of force and shooting programs.

George is a graduate of the Johns Hopkins University Police Executive Leadership Program and holds degrees in: Criminal Justice, Political Science, and Management.
Firearms and Tool Mark Examiner
Greg Karim
Mr. Karim is a forensic scientist specializing in Firearm and Toolmark related incidents. He has over seven thousand hours of specialized training in Police and Firearm related subjects and is a retired master sergeant, twenty-five year veteran of the Oklahoma City Police Department. He is the founder of OKBallistics.  A research, consulting and training business focused primarily on firearm safety, laboratory analysis, and reconstruction of shooting events. He is currently working as a civilian at the Austin Police Department, Forensic Science Division, in the Firearm & Toolmark Section. The Austin Police Department just completed construction of their state of the art 18 million dollar Forensic facility.  Mr. Karim was brought in primarily to setup and manage the new Ballistics Lab.  Mr. Karim brings a wealth of experience with digital imaging of firearms evidence, and possesses a unique passion for this discipline.  With a preponderance of diversified experience testifying in both state and federal courts, Mr. Karim continues to progress to the next level.  Mr. Karim finds guidance with the five doctrines of Taekwondo: courtesy, integrity, self control, perseverance, and an indomitable spirit. Mr. Karim holds a 1st Dan grade registered in the Kukkiwon
Education Specialist
Karen Spencer, Ed.D
Dr. Karen Spencer is president and founder of Purposeful Development Associates, a consulting firm specializing in interactive curriculum and instruction, organization change, and leadership development.  Previously, she held a full-time faculty appointment and chaired the Department of Leadership and Organization Development at Johns Hopkins University, where she created and directed the Center for Excellence in Teaching and taught in the Police Executive Leadership Program, which she helped to design.

Dr. Spencer, nationally known for her expertise in adult learning in the police training field, has designed and facilitated state mandated law enforcement train-the-trainer programs, is co-creator of the Purposeful Field Training Program, and the co-designer of five recruit academies based in an interactive, field performance base training approach.  She has created has created a problem-based school resource officer program with the state of Illinois and designed domestic violence training for police officers with the Colorado Program for Victim Assistance.  Her most recent law enforcement publication is a chapter entitled, “Developing Police Training to Support Community Policing,” in Policing and Training Issues.
Engineering
Bill Hudson, Ph.D.
Dr. William B. Hudson received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from New Mexico State University in 1990. He spent several years working as an engineer and teaching courses in electrical and computer engineering before joining the ECET department at Minnesota State University, Mankato in January of 2001. Dr. Hudson is a senior member of IEEE. He is a member of Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Alpha Pi, Golden Key National Honor Society and Alpha Chi. He currently serves as the department chair and teaches courses in electronics, digital design and circuits.
Human Performance
Bill Lewinski, Ph.D.
Dr. Lewinski is a behavioral scientist specializing in law enforcement related issues. He has a Ph.D. in Police Psychology and is a tenured, full professor in the Law Enforcement Program at Minnesota State University, Mankato, where he has taught for 23 years. He is the founder and chief executive officer of Force Scienceª Research Center, Inc. a research, consulting and training business focused primarily on human behavior in use of force. He is the founder and director of The Force ScienceR Research Center at Minnesota State University, Mankato. This Center brings together experts from a wide variety of academic and research disciplines to study officer behavior in lethal force encounters.

Dr. Lewinski is conducting the leading research on human behavior in lethal force encounters. His current focus is on subject and officer movement in lethal force encounters as well as action/reaction parameters. His research has been published in national law enforcement publications, websites and e-news lines. It was highlighted on 48 Hours Investigates. His most recent studies involved a very technologically sophisticated investigation into the perceptual and psychological factors that impact on an officer’s reaction time.

Dr. Lewinski has trained in Goju Karate since 1967. He is a regional director and on the national board of examiners with Goju Kai, Karate Do, U.S.A. 
Law Enforcement
Colleen Clark
Colleen Clarke is an Assistant Professor in the Law Enforcement Program, Minnesota State University, Mankato. Presently she is completing her dissertation for the Doctorate Program at the University of Toronto on Police department’s responses and implementation strategies to new terrorist laws and policy. Her Masters of Education was granted from Central Michigan University. Colleen received an Honors BA in Political Science from Lakehead University. She graduated from the Ontario Police College in 1978, returning for further training while qualifying for certification in Levels I and II of the Police Education Program in conjunction with the University of Western Ontario. She served as a police officer with the Thunder Bay Police Department in Ontario, Canada.

Colleen is the former Coordinator of The Police Foundations Program at Confederation College, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. She participated in a five million-dollar contract between the Canadian International Development Agency and Confederation College delivering training programs in communities within Ukraine and Poland emphasizing small business development, marketing, and train the trainer courses to potential entrepreneurs. Published an article in the Innovation Abstracts from the University of Texas entitled Law & Security Simulations:  Integrating Theory and Practice.
Tamara Wilkins, Ph.D.
Dr. Tamara “Tami” Tucker Wilkins is currently an Associate Professor of Law Enforcement at Minnesota State University in Mankato, Minnesota.  She has numerous courses in Law Enforcement, Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Sociology.  She currently teaches a variety of courses such as Introduction to Law Enforcement, Police Response to Victims and Survivors, Crime and Punishment, Policing in a Diverse Society, Juvenile Justice Procedures, Drugs and Gangs, and Comparative Criminal Justice Systems.  She received her Doctoral degree in Criminology and Criminal Justice from the Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida.  She received both a Master of Science degree in Sociology and a baccalaureate degree in Criminal Justice from East Texas State University in Commerce, Texas.  Tami is currently writing two textbooks including an introductory law enforcement text and a book devoted to multicultural training for law enforcement.  She received a grant from the U.S. Department of Justice to develop a training curriculum devoted to law enforcement response to victims with disabilities.  Her areas of expertise include numerous aspects related to law enforcement and peacekeeping including Victimology, Deviant Behavior, Criminal Behavior, Interpersonal Violence, Native American Justice, Social Problems, Social Stratification, and Multiculturalism.
Medical Specialist
Sudhir Kushwaha, M.D.
Medical School:
University of London, London, England
Residency:
Internal Medicine, University of London, London, England
Residency:
Cardiovascular Diseases, University of London, London, England
Fellowship:
Cardiovascular Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.
Interests:
Cardiac Transplantation, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension
Publications:
For a listing of recent publications, refer to PubMed, a service provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Negotiations
George Thompson
Dr. George J. Thompson is the President & Founder of the Verbal Judo Institute , a tactical training and management firm now based in Auburn, NY. Doc Thompson, aka "Doc Rhino," has an eclectic background, having taught English on the High School level (4 yrs), English Literature on the university level (10 yrs), and served as a full and part-time police officer.  Also a martial artist, he holds Black Belts in Judo & Taekwondo.  Doc has created the only Tactical Communication course in the world.

Dr. Thompson has written four books on Verbal Judo, each analyzing ways to defuse conflict and redirect behavior into more positive channels. The Institute offers Basic & Advanced courses in the Tactics of Verbal Judo. Doc received his B.A. from Colgate University (1963), his Masters & Doctorate in English from the University of Connecticut (1972), and he completed post-doctoral work at Princeton University in Rhetoric & Persuasion (1979). Widely published in magazines & periodicals, his training has been highlighted on such national shows as NBC, ABC, & CBS News, CNN, 48 Hours, Inside Edition, LEETN, In the Line of Duty, and Fox news, as well as in the LA Times, NY Post, Sacramento Bee, and other publications.

Aside from his well known Police & Correction courses, Doc "Rhino" has designed special courses for educators, medical personnel, government & business employees, and the airlines.  The Verbal Judo Institute has branch offices in Australia and Canada, and a national Team of instructors who teach from coast to coast. Doc has taught over 175,000 police officers, and his course is required in numerous states across the country.

On a personal note, Doc and Pam are the proud parents of three-year old, Tommy Rhyno Thompson, and Doc, a survivor of throat cancer, has returned to active teaching.   He currently offers VJ training on the internet, www.vjou.com ., and has two more books forthcoming, Verbal Judo Leadership: The Hard Right (with Gregory Walker), and Hammett's Moral Vision, the book publication of his doctoral thesis. 
Neuropsychology
Jonathan Page, Ph.D.
Jonathan Page received his doctorate from the University of Nevada in the Cognitive, Developmental/Comparative and Brain Sciences program of the psychology department.  While in Reno, he studied in the Human Electrophysiology Laboratory and the Color Vision Assessment Clinic.  Currently, he is assistant professor of neuropsychology at Minnesota State University, Mankato.

Dr. Page’s research focuses on finding neural correlates for human experiences using electrophysiological, psychophysical and behavioral approaches.  Presently, his brain laboratory is (1) investigating the effects of higher-order cognitive processes on vision and perception and (2) probing the neural substrates that signal the experience of pain.
Optics
Susan Houde-Walter, Ph.D.
Dr. Houde-Walter has been active in the field of optics and lasers for twenty-five years.  She is Full Professor at the University of Rochester’s Institute of Optics, the world renowned academic department instrumental for advancing optical physics and engineering research and teaching, the first in the United States of America.  Dr. Houde-Walter has authored over one hundred journal articles (Nature, Optics Letters, et al.) and invited talks and patents spanning a wide range of topics, including optoelectronics design and laser materials.   She teaches at the undergraduate (Lasers, Optoelectronics, Geometrical Optics, etc.) and graduate levels (Laser Systems, Electromagnetics, Waveguide Theory, etc.).

Dr. Houde-Walter was recently elected to serve as President of the Optical Society of America (2005).  OSA is an international professional association of optical physicists and engineers with approximately 14,000 members.  OSA rosters include the inventors of the laser, fiber optics, holography and other advanced optical technologies for the betterment of society.

Dr. Houde-Walter is also co-founder, co-owner, and now CEO of LaserMax, Inc., a laser manufacturing company in Rochester, NY.  LaserMax was incorporated in 1989 for the purpose of serving for law enforcement.  LaserMax was ranked by Inc. Magazine on their list of the 500 fastest growing companies in the USA, and is known for their rugged and technically superior equipment for police and military, especially in the area of less lethal and reduction of violence and police liability.
Psychology
Audrey Honig, Ph.D.

Dr. Honig is a nationally renowned police psychologist who has spent the last twenty years developing and administering a multifaceted Employee Assistance Program (EAP) for the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department’s more than 14,000 sworn and civilian employees and their families.  The mission of the Employee Support Services Bureau is to provide support to the employee during times of personal and/or job related stress, as well as provide general management consultation services to the Department and operational support to line Units.  Among her many accomplishments, Dr, Honig has developed a resiliency support program to respond to large scale critical incidents that has been highly effective in mitigating the potential negative impact of these types of events while increasing the employees’ own inherent resiliency.

The Employee Support Services Bureau is made up of six separate programs: Counseling and Consulting Services is staffed by professional psychologist counselors who are specially trained in the problems and pressures of life in a law enforcement agency.  In addition to providing individual counseling assistance to personnel, training, research and consultation to various Departmental units are also supplied. 

The Unit also includes Addiction Recovery and Peer Support Programs which supply both individual and management assistance to peers by peers; a Chaplain’s Program to meet the spiritual needs of employees; An Organizational Consultant Program staffed by consultants dedicated to assisting first line supervisors and a Health Promotion/Physical Fitness Program dedicated to enhancing employee wellness.

Dr Honig has produced educational and training materials, as well as published articles, on a variety of topics ranging from use of force and officer involved shootings to terrorism, military repatriation protocols and interviewing and interrogation techniques.  She authored, Under Fire - Reactions & Resilience: What and Officer can Expect, a seminal research project examining over 900 officers involved in shootings spanning nine years. She sits as an advisor to the Department’s Executive Planning Council as well as the Department’s Training Committee. She routinely reviews various pieces of legislation that affect law enforcement as well as consults to POST as a subject matter expert.  She supplies operational support to the Sheriff’s Department via threat assessments, profiling, hostage negotiations, forensic investigative hypnosis and as a member of the terrorism early warning group.  

In addition to her role as an internal consultant for the Sheriff’s Department, Dr. Honig has served as both an expert consultant and expert witness assisting other law enforcement agencies defend themselves against a variety of lawsuits.  Dr. Honig has been a frequent invited guest to the FBI Academy and is the current Vice President on the Board of Directors of the Psychological Services Section of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.  Dr. Honig is certified as a level three reserve officer.
Robert Widner, Ph.D.

Specialization - Memory and aging, complex skill acquisition

Research Interests - Effects of aging on memory, performance, Alzheimer's disease, neural basis of behavior
Simulation Training
Todd Brown
Mr. Brown has over ten years of experience in training federal, state and municipal law enforcement agencies on judgmental use of force in simulated environments as well as in live fire environments.  He has also trained agencies in Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and several agencies in Europe.  He holds instructor ratings for various use of force applications such as Baton, Firearm, Chemical Agents, Taser, etc.  He has been on the development teams for the Range 3000XP4 Judgmental Use of Force Simulation System and the new MILO Interactive Training System.  He is a member of the National Tactical Officers Association, the International Association of Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors and the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers.  Currently he is the Vice President of Ti Training Corp., USA.
Ken Murray
Ken Murray is the director of training for the Armiger Police Training Institute in Orlando, Florida. He has been involved in law enforcement training since 1985. During the late 1980's, Ken co-founded SIMUNITION® and subsequently began a detailed study and development of effective realistic force-on-force training scenarios for military and law enforcement, now known as Reality Based Training, or RBT. He quickly learned the immense value of this type of interactive training. He also noticed the inherent dangers, both physical and mental, and wrote safety and operational guidelines necessary for extracting optimal training value from this style of training. Those guidelines are now in use in thousands of agencies worldwide. He was the author and primary trainer for the SIMUNITION® Instructor Development Program, and remained on as director of training for SIMUNITION® until the mid-1990's. Following his departure from SIMUNITION®, he continued to develop programs for officer safety through the Armiger Police Training Institute. These programs were primarily centered around Reality Based Training, and he continued to teach instructor certification schools on that topic both nationally and internationally.

Ken has written many articles on simulation training and has recently completed a definitive book on the subject, entitled "Training at the Speed of Life." He is a member of IALEFI, ASLET, NTOA, CATO, Florida SWAT Association, Wisconsin Association of SWAT Personnel, NRA, and IABTI.
Bob Willis
Mr. Robert C. Willis (Bob) has trained federal, state and local agencies and officers for over 25 years.  For a decade he also presented the Calibre Press “Street Survival® Seminar” across the USA and Canada.  Bob has been a patrol officer, "SWAT" team member, field training officer, departmental training officer, recruit academy and in-service academy instructor, a “train-the-trainer”, an officer survival instructor and lecturer and a litigation consultant.  He still works as a police officer (part-time) and is a sworn deputy sheriff. Bob is a full-time Instructor at Northeast Wisconsin Technical College (NWTC) in Green Bay, Wisconsin. He is responsible for the realistic training of public safety personnel at one of the most technologically advanced facilities in America, located on the NWTC campus. Bob also teaches academic courses in the Law Enforcement Degree and Recruit Academy programs.  Mr. Willis often serves as a litigation consultant and “expert witness” and has testified in Federal and State Courts, Grand Jury Hearings, Coroner’s Inquests as well as Police Disciplinary Hearings to explain and critique the force actions of officers.  Mr. Willis authored the original State of Wisconsin's Defensive and Arrest Tactics Manual and has contributed articles to national publications.   
Tactics
John Delgado
John D. Delgado served with the Miami-Dade Police Department for 33 years utilizing his various skills in policing, investigations, and training. He is a Certified Instructor for the Florida Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission. Mr. Delgado is a former Vice-Chairman for the Division of Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission, State of Florida (P.O.S.T.), appointed by the Governor.

In accordance with his training history, Mr. Delgado has authored articles on officer survival and awareness to danger. His instructional courses have reached city, state, federal and foreign governments. During the years spent as a training instructor, he responded to officer involved shootings, in-custody death situations and other police tactical situations.

Mr. Delgado holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Criminology from Biscayne College, Miami, Florida and is a member of the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers, International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and Training, President of Officer Survival Special Operations Group, Inc. and the International Association of Arson Investigators.
Chris Lawrence, M.A.
Chris Lawrence is the Team Leader of the Defensive Tactics Training Section at the Ontario Police College in Aylmer, Ontario.

Chris began his police career in 1979 with the St. Thomas Police Service. In 1983 he moved to the Peel Regional Police. His past assignments have included Patrol, Underwater Search & Recovery, Marine Unit, Tactical & Rescue Unit, Criminal Investigation Bureau and Training. Chris was appointed to the Ontario Police College in 1996.

With over 22 years of experience as an instructor, he has testified as an expert in use of force training and subject control in Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland

Chris is also an internationally recognized expert on the subject of Sudden and Unexpected Deaths that occur after an intervention by law enforcement officers. He has given presentations on this topic across North America as well as Australia to groups including police executives, police trainers, tactical officers, investigators, physicians and lawyers. Chris has also published several articles as well as provided consultations on this subject.|

Chris is currently a graduate student at Royal Roads University in Victoria British Columbia, in the Master of Arts in Leadership and Training program.
Robert "Coach" Lindsey
Colonel Robert K. Lindsey retired from law enforcement after 34 years of service. He retired at the rank of Colonel from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office in Louisiana. His career included military service, all sectors of law enforcement, as well as governmental security.

The colonel is a graduate of Loyola University in New Orleans, Louisiana, and the FBI National Academy. He is best known as "Coach" by countless numbers of police officers and law enforcement trainers throughout the United States and other nations.

Since his retirement, he continues to utilize his vast experience to teach law enforcement trainers his renowned course entitled Mental Preparation for Winning &Surviving. His experience and dedication include his tireless efforts to educate police officers around the world. He is a founding member of the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers, serving on the Board of Directors of that organization for 16 years. He also holds the position of International Instructor Trainer emeritus with Monadnock Lifetime Products.

Colonel Lindsey has received numerous awards and honors, including Outstanding Law Enforcement Trainer of the Year, and the Lifetime Achievement award from ASLET. Others are too numerous to mention.

Colonel Lindsey is married to Maggie, and together they share six children and 15 grandchildren.
Dave Young
Dedication, vision, experience, and instructional skills are the criteria by which a defensive tactics instructor should be judged. David W. Young III is recognized as one of the nation's leading tactical instructors specializing in Crowd Management, Chemical and Specialty Impact Munitions, Ground Defense Tactics, and Water Based Defensive Tactics.

He combines a unique blend of physical expertise, teaching know-how and a “hands on” approach to defensive tactics training, using anatomically correct techniques. He leads the class from the front and is an instructor that shows you how to survive – not one that tells the class about survival. His training programs are truly integrated use-of-force training programs that allow officers to learn how to smoothly transition up and down through their force options.

Dave Young has spent over twenty years in the military and civilian law enforcement where he has served as both a line officer and a first line supervisor and has functioned as a corrections officer, a police officer, a SWAT Team Member, Team Leader, and Commander, and has participated in several crowd management operations throughout the world.

He has participated as a control system designer for both military and civilian authorities. Dave serves as a defensive tactics consultant for numerous police and correctional agencies throughout the United States specializing in disturbance response strategies. His Ground Defense Program exemplifies how to apply known defensive tactics techniques to new applications while emphasizing Officer Safety. Dave’s Water Based Defensive Tactics Program is on the “cutting edge” of specialized law enforcement training.

His ability to create realistic training programs is unmatched in the industry. Utilizing the most advanced duty and protective training equipment, his students are able to "test" the techniques they learn in their actual working environment. Correctional officers respond to disturbances in cellblocks. Patrol Officers respond to bar fights, domestic disturbances and traffic stops. Tactical Officers deal with High Risk Entries. Disturbance Response Units respond to actual riots in progress.
Dave Young brings reality to training in order to create a believable environment that allow the participants to experience the stress of real world confrontation in a safe learning format that allows them to gain confidence in themselves, their tactics, and their equipment.
Visual Perception
Paul Michel, O.D.
Dr. Michel has years of experience as a vision specialist in the LAPD’s Officer Involved Shooting Investigations Unit. He has assisted in the defense of officers in both criminal and civil cases in state and federal courts. The details of shooting incidents require impartial documentation with the emphasis on the details. Unfortunately, some investigations are conducted with only cursory documentation of this important variable. Paul documents and explains the conditions of visibility that might otherwise be omitted.

Dr. Michel holds the Doctor of Optometry degree from the Southern California College of Optometry. He has numerous articles in publication on vision and crime scene investigations. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Optometry. He holds bachelors degrees in psychology and visual science.

Paul’s background as a sworn reserve officer in  Huntington Beach,  California and his technical knowledge make him an asset to a detailed investigation where vision under adverse conditions is an issue.